Ion channels are a diverse family of membrane proteins whose physiological role in neurons is defined in large part by their subcellular localization in discrete subcompartments of the plasma membrane. I will discuss our efforts in defining the subcellular localization of ion channels in mammalian neurons, and how this impacts their local and global contributions to neuronal activity, and their local regulation by compartmentalized signaling pathways. I will also discuss how ion channels localized to specific sites in neurons can play a role in organizing local membrane signaling domains as a nonconducting aspect of their physiological function.